A first choice die












6












$begingroup$


You and your friend have met to play a game of dice.
This is a very simple game where both players roll a die at the same time, and the player with the lower score pays a coin to the other player.
In case of tie, no money is exchanged and the turn is repeated.



You propose your friend to make the game more interesting by replacing the usual playing dice with three special dice you have designed.
Your dice have a number of dots between 1 and 6 on each face like regular dice, but some numbers are repeated on different faces and some numbers are missing, and no two dice are identical.
Apart from this twist, those are pretty normal playing dice, not unbalanced towards any side.
At each turn, you propose, first your friend will pick a die and then you will pick one of the remaining two dice.



Your friends accepts, thinking that, if at all, he's being offered an advantage.
If one of your dice were stronger than the other two, your friend could use that die at every turn because he can choose first, and that would make his winning chances better.
But you know this isn't going to be the case, and in fact, no matter which die your friend chooses, you will be always able to pick a stronger one.



How did you design your dice such that your chances to win are always better than your friend's?










share|improve this question









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    This is a fairly well known puzzle that I feel deserves a place in Puzzling.SE. I will accept the best answer.
    $endgroup$
    – GOTO 0
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:25










  • $begingroup$
    oh my god thats a lot of work :) hopefully someone will try to solve it originally here
    $endgroup$
    – skv
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:33






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @Victor afaik, die is the singular name form, while dice can be both singular or plural. I don't have any particular feelings about the word choice. You're welcome to edit the question if you feel my wording is not clear enough.
    $endgroup$
    – GOTO 0
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:48








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @GOTO0 Not to be a stickler, but dice is only plural, strictly speaking. People tend to use it as singular but it is incorrect.
    $endgroup$
    – Neil
    Nov 13 '14 at 14:18






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @GOTO0 english.stackexchange.com/questions/167104/singular-of-dice/…
    $endgroup$
    – Neil
    Nov 13 '14 at 14:29
















6












$begingroup$


You and your friend have met to play a game of dice.
This is a very simple game where both players roll a die at the same time, and the player with the lower score pays a coin to the other player.
In case of tie, no money is exchanged and the turn is repeated.



You propose your friend to make the game more interesting by replacing the usual playing dice with three special dice you have designed.
Your dice have a number of dots between 1 and 6 on each face like regular dice, but some numbers are repeated on different faces and some numbers are missing, and no two dice are identical.
Apart from this twist, those are pretty normal playing dice, not unbalanced towards any side.
At each turn, you propose, first your friend will pick a die and then you will pick one of the remaining two dice.



Your friends accepts, thinking that, if at all, he's being offered an advantage.
If one of your dice were stronger than the other two, your friend could use that die at every turn because he can choose first, and that would make his winning chances better.
But you know this isn't going to be the case, and in fact, no matter which die your friend chooses, you will be always able to pick a stronger one.



How did you design your dice such that your chances to win are always better than your friend's?










share|improve this question









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    This is a fairly well known puzzle that I feel deserves a place in Puzzling.SE. I will accept the best answer.
    $endgroup$
    – GOTO 0
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:25










  • $begingroup$
    oh my god thats a lot of work :) hopefully someone will try to solve it originally here
    $endgroup$
    – skv
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:33






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @Victor afaik, die is the singular name form, while dice can be both singular or plural. I don't have any particular feelings about the word choice. You're welcome to edit the question if you feel my wording is not clear enough.
    $endgroup$
    – GOTO 0
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:48








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @GOTO0 Not to be a stickler, but dice is only plural, strictly speaking. People tend to use it as singular but it is incorrect.
    $endgroup$
    – Neil
    Nov 13 '14 at 14:18






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @GOTO0 english.stackexchange.com/questions/167104/singular-of-dice/…
    $endgroup$
    – Neil
    Nov 13 '14 at 14:29














6












6








6


1



$begingroup$


You and your friend have met to play a game of dice.
This is a very simple game where both players roll a die at the same time, and the player with the lower score pays a coin to the other player.
In case of tie, no money is exchanged and the turn is repeated.



You propose your friend to make the game more interesting by replacing the usual playing dice with three special dice you have designed.
Your dice have a number of dots between 1 and 6 on each face like regular dice, but some numbers are repeated on different faces and some numbers are missing, and no two dice are identical.
Apart from this twist, those are pretty normal playing dice, not unbalanced towards any side.
At each turn, you propose, first your friend will pick a die and then you will pick one of the remaining two dice.



Your friends accepts, thinking that, if at all, he's being offered an advantage.
If one of your dice were stronger than the other two, your friend could use that die at every turn because he can choose first, and that would make his winning chances better.
But you know this isn't going to be the case, and in fact, no matter which die your friend chooses, you will be always able to pick a stronger one.



How did you design your dice such that your chances to win are always better than your friend's?










share|improve this question









$endgroup$




You and your friend have met to play a game of dice.
This is a very simple game where both players roll a die at the same time, and the player with the lower score pays a coin to the other player.
In case of tie, no money is exchanged and the turn is repeated.



You propose your friend to make the game more interesting by replacing the usual playing dice with three special dice you have designed.
Your dice have a number of dots between 1 and 6 on each face like regular dice, but some numbers are repeated on different faces and some numbers are missing, and no two dice are identical.
Apart from this twist, those are pretty normal playing dice, not unbalanced towards any side.
At each turn, you propose, first your friend will pick a die and then you will pick one of the remaining two dice.



Your friends accepts, thinking that, if at all, he's being offered an advantage.
If one of your dice were stronger than the other two, your friend could use that die at every turn because he can choose first, and that would make his winning chances better.
But you know this isn't going to be the case, and in fact, no matter which die your friend chooses, you will be always able to pick a stronger one.



How did you design your dice such that your chances to win are always better than your friend's?







logical-deduction mathematics probability dice






share|improve this question













share|improve this question











share|improve this question




share|improve this question










asked Nov 13 '14 at 13:25









GOTO 0GOTO 0

9,66654089




9,66654089












  • $begingroup$
    This is a fairly well known puzzle that I feel deserves a place in Puzzling.SE. I will accept the best answer.
    $endgroup$
    – GOTO 0
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:25










  • $begingroup$
    oh my god thats a lot of work :) hopefully someone will try to solve it originally here
    $endgroup$
    – skv
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:33






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @Victor afaik, die is the singular name form, while dice can be both singular or plural. I don't have any particular feelings about the word choice. You're welcome to edit the question if you feel my wording is not clear enough.
    $endgroup$
    – GOTO 0
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:48








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @GOTO0 Not to be a stickler, but dice is only plural, strictly speaking. People tend to use it as singular but it is incorrect.
    $endgroup$
    – Neil
    Nov 13 '14 at 14:18






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @GOTO0 english.stackexchange.com/questions/167104/singular-of-dice/…
    $endgroup$
    – Neil
    Nov 13 '14 at 14:29


















  • $begingroup$
    This is a fairly well known puzzle that I feel deserves a place in Puzzling.SE. I will accept the best answer.
    $endgroup$
    – GOTO 0
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:25










  • $begingroup$
    oh my god thats a lot of work :) hopefully someone will try to solve it originally here
    $endgroup$
    – skv
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:33






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @Victor afaik, die is the singular name form, while dice can be both singular or plural. I don't have any particular feelings about the word choice. You're welcome to edit the question if you feel my wording is not clear enough.
    $endgroup$
    – GOTO 0
    Nov 13 '14 at 13:48








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @GOTO0 Not to be a stickler, but dice is only plural, strictly speaking. People tend to use it as singular but it is incorrect.
    $endgroup$
    – Neil
    Nov 13 '14 at 14:18






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @GOTO0 english.stackexchange.com/questions/167104/singular-of-dice/…
    $endgroup$
    – Neil
    Nov 13 '14 at 14:29
















$begingroup$
This is a fairly well known puzzle that I feel deserves a place in Puzzling.SE. I will accept the best answer.
$endgroup$
– GOTO 0
Nov 13 '14 at 13:25




$begingroup$
This is a fairly well known puzzle that I feel deserves a place in Puzzling.SE. I will accept the best answer.
$endgroup$
– GOTO 0
Nov 13 '14 at 13:25












$begingroup$
oh my god thats a lot of work :) hopefully someone will try to solve it originally here
$endgroup$
– skv
Nov 13 '14 at 13:33




$begingroup$
oh my god thats a lot of work :) hopefully someone will try to solve it originally here
$endgroup$
– skv
Nov 13 '14 at 13:33




1




1




$begingroup$
@Victor afaik, die is the singular name form, while dice can be both singular or plural. I don't have any particular feelings about the word choice. You're welcome to edit the question if you feel my wording is not clear enough.
$endgroup$
– GOTO 0
Nov 13 '14 at 13:48






$begingroup$
@Victor afaik, die is the singular name form, while dice can be both singular or plural. I don't have any particular feelings about the word choice. You're welcome to edit the question if you feel my wording is not clear enough.
$endgroup$
– GOTO 0
Nov 13 '14 at 13:48






1




1




$begingroup$
@GOTO0 Not to be a stickler, but dice is only plural, strictly speaking. People tend to use it as singular but it is incorrect.
$endgroup$
– Neil
Nov 13 '14 at 14:18




$begingroup$
@GOTO0 Not to be a stickler, but dice is only plural, strictly speaking. People tend to use it as singular but it is incorrect.
$endgroup$
– Neil
Nov 13 '14 at 14:18




2




2




$begingroup$
@GOTO0 english.stackexchange.com/questions/167104/singular-of-dice/…
$endgroup$
– Neil
Nov 13 '14 at 14:29




$begingroup$
@GOTO0 english.stackexchange.com/questions/167104/singular-of-dice/…
$endgroup$
– Neil
Nov 13 '14 at 14:29










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes


















4












$begingroup$

There are many examples. This is one:




A: 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 6

B: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5

C: 1, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6




The probability of A winning versus B (or B vs. C, C vs. A) is...




17/36. The probability of a draw is 4/36, so that only 15 out of 36 rolls lose. So the overall winning expectation is higher.




Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontransitive_dice






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$





















    4












    $begingroup$

    I solved this without looking at any of the previous answers and was surprised that there are many solutions!



    I wrote a C program to brute-force the solution here: https://gist.github.com/timmontague/4244afcde2750f6f9c67



    One of the "best" solutions that I found is the following set of dice:

    d1: 1 1 4 4 4 4

    d2: 3 3 3 3 3 3

    d3: 2 2 2 2 5 5



    I defined "best" as the set of dice with the largest average win percentage. In the example above there are no draws and the win percentages are:

    d1 beats d2 24 out of 36 times

    d2 beats d3 24 out of 36 times

    d3 beats d1 20 out of 36 times






    share|improve this answer









    $endgroup$





















      0












      $begingroup$

      One (of many) solutions:
      Die A has sides 2, 2, 4, 4, 9, 9.
      Die B has sides 1, 1, 6, 6, 8, 8.
      Die C has sides 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7
      The probability that die A rolls a higher number than B, the probability that B rolls higher than C, and the probability that C rolls higher than A are all 5/9, so this set of dice is "non-transitive". In fact, it has the even stronger property that, for each die in the set, there is another die that rolls a higher number than it more than half the time.



      The game whith such dice is biased in favor of the second player, because the second player can always find a die that will beat the first player's die with probability 5/9.
      So your friend should return the "courtesy" and allow you the first choice! :-)






      share|improve this answer









      $endgroup$









      • 1




        $begingroup$
        the description say that a side only can have numbers between 1 and 6
        $endgroup$
        – Ivo Beckers
        Nov 13 '14 at 13:39










      • $begingroup$
        @ Ivo Beckers: Oops! "Read fast,answer wrong!" :-) The link from Wiki you provided covers the matter thoroughly ,I think.
        $endgroup$
        – George R.
        Nov 13 '14 at 16:41













      Your Answer





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      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes








      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      4












      $begingroup$

      There are many examples. This is one:




      A: 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 6

      B: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5

      C: 1, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6




      The probability of A winning versus B (or B vs. C, C vs. A) is...




      17/36. The probability of a draw is 4/36, so that only 15 out of 36 rolls lose. So the overall winning expectation is higher.




      Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontransitive_dice






      share|improve this answer











      $endgroup$


















        4












        $begingroup$

        There are many examples. This is one:




        A: 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 6

        B: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5

        C: 1, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6




        The probability of A winning versus B (or B vs. C, C vs. A) is...




        17/36. The probability of a draw is 4/36, so that only 15 out of 36 rolls lose. So the overall winning expectation is higher.




        Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontransitive_dice






        share|improve this answer











        $endgroup$
















          4












          4








          4





          $begingroup$

          There are many examples. This is one:




          A: 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 6

          B: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5

          C: 1, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6




          The probability of A winning versus B (or B vs. C, C vs. A) is...




          17/36. The probability of a draw is 4/36, so that only 15 out of 36 rolls lose. So the overall winning expectation is higher.




          Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontransitive_dice






          share|improve this answer











          $endgroup$



          There are many examples. This is one:




          A: 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 6

          B: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5

          C: 1, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6




          The probability of A winning versus B (or B vs. C, C vs. A) is...




          17/36. The probability of a draw is 4/36, so that only 15 out of 36 rolls lose. So the overall winning expectation is higher.




          Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontransitive_dice







          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited 4 mins ago









          North

          2,3081735




          2,3081735










          answered Nov 13 '14 at 13:42









          Ivo BeckersIvo Beckers

          9,90923051




          9,90923051























              4












              $begingroup$

              I solved this without looking at any of the previous answers and was surprised that there are many solutions!



              I wrote a C program to brute-force the solution here: https://gist.github.com/timmontague/4244afcde2750f6f9c67



              One of the "best" solutions that I found is the following set of dice:

              d1: 1 1 4 4 4 4

              d2: 3 3 3 3 3 3

              d3: 2 2 2 2 5 5



              I defined "best" as the set of dice with the largest average win percentage. In the example above there are no draws and the win percentages are:

              d1 beats d2 24 out of 36 times

              d2 beats d3 24 out of 36 times

              d3 beats d1 20 out of 36 times






              share|improve this answer









              $endgroup$


















                4












                $begingroup$

                I solved this without looking at any of the previous answers and was surprised that there are many solutions!



                I wrote a C program to brute-force the solution here: https://gist.github.com/timmontague/4244afcde2750f6f9c67



                One of the "best" solutions that I found is the following set of dice:

                d1: 1 1 4 4 4 4

                d2: 3 3 3 3 3 3

                d3: 2 2 2 2 5 5



                I defined "best" as the set of dice with the largest average win percentage. In the example above there are no draws and the win percentages are:

                d1 beats d2 24 out of 36 times

                d2 beats d3 24 out of 36 times

                d3 beats d1 20 out of 36 times






                share|improve this answer









                $endgroup$
















                  4












                  4








                  4





                  $begingroup$

                  I solved this without looking at any of the previous answers and was surprised that there are many solutions!



                  I wrote a C program to brute-force the solution here: https://gist.github.com/timmontague/4244afcde2750f6f9c67



                  One of the "best" solutions that I found is the following set of dice:

                  d1: 1 1 4 4 4 4

                  d2: 3 3 3 3 3 3

                  d3: 2 2 2 2 5 5



                  I defined "best" as the set of dice with the largest average win percentage. In the example above there are no draws and the win percentages are:

                  d1 beats d2 24 out of 36 times

                  d2 beats d3 24 out of 36 times

                  d3 beats d1 20 out of 36 times






                  share|improve this answer









                  $endgroup$



                  I solved this without looking at any of the previous answers and was surprised that there are many solutions!



                  I wrote a C program to brute-force the solution here: https://gist.github.com/timmontague/4244afcde2750f6f9c67



                  One of the "best" solutions that I found is the following set of dice:

                  d1: 1 1 4 4 4 4

                  d2: 3 3 3 3 3 3

                  d3: 2 2 2 2 5 5



                  I defined "best" as the set of dice with the largest average win percentage. In the example above there are no draws and the win percentages are:

                  d1 beats d2 24 out of 36 times

                  d2 beats d3 24 out of 36 times

                  d3 beats d1 20 out of 36 times







                  share|improve this answer












                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer










                  answered Nov 18 '14 at 22:44









                  TimTim

                  1412




                  1412























                      0












                      $begingroup$

                      One (of many) solutions:
                      Die A has sides 2, 2, 4, 4, 9, 9.
                      Die B has sides 1, 1, 6, 6, 8, 8.
                      Die C has sides 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7
                      The probability that die A rolls a higher number than B, the probability that B rolls higher than C, and the probability that C rolls higher than A are all 5/9, so this set of dice is "non-transitive". In fact, it has the even stronger property that, for each die in the set, there is another die that rolls a higher number than it more than half the time.



                      The game whith such dice is biased in favor of the second player, because the second player can always find a die that will beat the first player's die with probability 5/9.
                      So your friend should return the "courtesy" and allow you the first choice! :-)






                      share|improve this answer









                      $endgroup$









                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        the description say that a side only can have numbers between 1 and 6
                        $endgroup$
                        – Ivo Beckers
                        Nov 13 '14 at 13:39










                      • $begingroup$
                        @ Ivo Beckers: Oops! "Read fast,answer wrong!" :-) The link from Wiki you provided covers the matter thoroughly ,I think.
                        $endgroup$
                        – George R.
                        Nov 13 '14 at 16:41


















                      0












                      $begingroup$

                      One (of many) solutions:
                      Die A has sides 2, 2, 4, 4, 9, 9.
                      Die B has sides 1, 1, 6, 6, 8, 8.
                      Die C has sides 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7
                      The probability that die A rolls a higher number than B, the probability that B rolls higher than C, and the probability that C rolls higher than A are all 5/9, so this set of dice is "non-transitive". In fact, it has the even stronger property that, for each die in the set, there is another die that rolls a higher number than it more than half the time.



                      The game whith such dice is biased in favor of the second player, because the second player can always find a die that will beat the first player's die with probability 5/9.
                      So your friend should return the "courtesy" and allow you the first choice! :-)






                      share|improve this answer









                      $endgroup$









                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        the description say that a side only can have numbers between 1 and 6
                        $endgroup$
                        – Ivo Beckers
                        Nov 13 '14 at 13:39










                      • $begingroup$
                        @ Ivo Beckers: Oops! "Read fast,answer wrong!" :-) The link from Wiki you provided covers the matter thoroughly ,I think.
                        $endgroup$
                        – George R.
                        Nov 13 '14 at 16:41
















                      0












                      0








                      0





                      $begingroup$

                      One (of many) solutions:
                      Die A has sides 2, 2, 4, 4, 9, 9.
                      Die B has sides 1, 1, 6, 6, 8, 8.
                      Die C has sides 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7
                      The probability that die A rolls a higher number than B, the probability that B rolls higher than C, and the probability that C rolls higher than A are all 5/9, so this set of dice is "non-transitive". In fact, it has the even stronger property that, for each die in the set, there is another die that rolls a higher number than it more than half the time.



                      The game whith such dice is biased in favor of the second player, because the second player can always find a die that will beat the first player's die with probability 5/9.
                      So your friend should return the "courtesy" and allow you the first choice! :-)






                      share|improve this answer









                      $endgroup$



                      One (of many) solutions:
                      Die A has sides 2, 2, 4, 4, 9, 9.
                      Die B has sides 1, 1, 6, 6, 8, 8.
                      Die C has sides 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7
                      The probability that die A rolls a higher number than B, the probability that B rolls higher than C, and the probability that C rolls higher than A are all 5/9, so this set of dice is "non-transitive". In fact, it has the even stronger property that, for each die in the set, there is another die that rolls a higher number than it more than half the time.



                      The game whith such dice is biased in favor of the second player, because the second player can always find a die that will beat the first player's die with probability 5/9.
                      So your friend should return the "courtesy" and allow you the first choice! :-)







                      share|improve this answer












                      share|improve this answer



                      share|improve this answer










                      answered Nov 13 '14 at 13:37









                      George R.George R.

                      42735




                      42735








                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        the description say that a side only can have numbers between 1 and 6
                        $endgroup$
                        – Ivo Beckers
                        Nov 13 '14 at 13:39










                      • $begingroup$
                        @ Ivo Beckers: Oops! "Read fast,answer wrong!" :-) The link from Wiki you provided covers the matter thoroughly ,I think.
                        $endgroup$
                        – George R.
                        Nov 13 '14 at 16:41
















                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        the description say that a side only can have numbers between 1 and 6
                        $endgroup$
                        – Ivo Beckers
                        Nov 13 '14 at 13:39










                      • $begingroup$
                        @ Ivo Beckers: Oops! "Read fast,answer wrong!" :-) The link from Wiki you provided covers the matter thoroughly ,I think.
                        $endgroup$
                        – George R.
                        Nov 13 '14 at 16:41










                      1




                      1




                      $begingroup$
                      the description say that a side only can have numbers between 1 and 6
                      $endgroup$
                      – Ivo Beckers
                      Nov 13 '14 at 13:39




                      $begingroup$
                      the description say that a side only can have numbers between 1 and 6
                      $endgroup$
                      – Ivo Beckers
                      Nov 13 '14 at 13:39












                      $begingroup$
                      @ Ivo Beckers: Oops! "Read fast,answer wrong!" :-) The link from Wiki you provided covers the matter thoroughly ,I think.
                      $endgroup$
                      – George R.
                      Nov 13 '14 at 16:41






                      $begingroup$
                      @ Ivo Beckers: Oops! "Read fast,answer wrong!" :-) The link from Wiki you provided covers the matter thoroughly ,I think.
                      $endgroup$
                      – George R.
                      Nov 13 '14 at 16:41




















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